Constructor Functions and the type() function: Functions that have the same name as their data type and create objects or values of this data type are called constructor functions. How do you find the value’s data type?

pygame.PixelArray Data Type and the PixelArray() constructor function.

Python Variable scopes

#####################################################################
#  YI_MoreOnScopes1.py
#  Mrs. Elia
#  12/17/14
#  Local and global variables
#####################################################################
#
#  Definitions
#
#####################################################################

def intro():
    message = ' Welcome to my world '
    switch = 'off'
    print(switch)


def closing():
    switch = 'neither'
    print(switch)

## Main
switch = 'on'
print(switch)
intro()
closing()
print(switch)

Classwork:
1. Change the definitions so each of them reassign the value of the global variable switch.
2. Remove the print statement in each of the definitions but print the value of the global variable switch after each definition call.
This is what it should look like:

# Main
switch = 'on'
print(switch)
intro()
...
print(switch)
closing()
...
print(switch)

Output:
on
off
neither
 
Homework:
The output should be: It is a wonderful day. Fix the problem without removing the definitions and without adding print staments to the definitions.

#####################################################################
#  YI_MoreOnScopes2.py
#  Mrs. Elia
#  12/15/2014
#  Local and global variables
#
#####################################################################
#  Definitions
#####################################################################

def intro():
    word1 += "is a"
    word2 = "wonderful"
    return word2

def closing():
    word4 = "day."

## Main
word1 = "It"
message = word1
message = intro()
message = closing()
print(message)


# The output should be: It is a wonderful day.
# Fix the problem without removing the definitions and
# without adding print staments to the definitions.

The output should be:
It is a wonderful day.

A little help with the spaces in the phrase:

phrase = "have a good day"
phrase = phrase.replace(' ','-') # replace space with dash
newphrase = ''

blanks = '_ ' * len(phrase) # underscore plus space

for i in range(len(phrase)):
    newphrase += phrase[i] +' ' # add a space to each letter to match
                                # the underscores plus space


for i in range(len(blanks)):
    if newphrase[i] == '-':
        blanks = blanks[:i] + '-' + blanks[i+1:] # replace the underscore
                                              # with the corresponding dash

print(newphrase)
print(blanks)


##>>> 
##h a v e - a - g o o d - d a y 
##_ _ _ _ - _ - _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ 
##>>> 

Classwork:
Scope: Local

#####################################
#      NO Imports
#####################################

#####################################
#  G.Elia
#  Mail Order application with functions
#  Python 3.5
#  today's date
#####################################

print("This is an order form for a mail-order house.")

#####################################
#      Functions' Definitions
#####################################

def initializeTotal():
    totalinit = float(0)
    return totalinit

def productPrompt():
    product = int(input("Product number? "))
    return product

def quantityPrompt(product):
    quantity = int(input("Quantity? "))
    if product == 1:
        subTotal = quantity * 2.98
    elif product == 2:
        subTotal = quantity * 4.50
    elif product == 3:
        subTotal = quantity * 9.98
    elif product == 4:
        subTotal = quantity * 4.49
    elif product == 5:
        subTotal = quantity * 6.87
    return subTotal

def final (total):
    print("Total Price:",total)

    
##############################################
# main - Driver: control the flow of execution
##############################################

yesNo = 'y'
totalInit = initializeTotal()
while yesNo == 'y':
    product = productPrompt()
    totalInit += quantityPrompt(product)
    yesNo = input("Do you want to continue? (y/n) ")
final(totalInit)

## input/output
##>>> 
##This is an order form for a mail-order house.
##Product number? 1
##Quantity? 2
##Do you want to continue? (y/n) y
##Product number? 2
##Quantity? 3
##Do you want to continue? (y/n) n
##Total Price: 19.46
##>>> 

List Applications

# Creating a histogram from a list of values.

values = []   # a list of values

# input 10 values from user
print ("Enter 10 integers:")

for i in range( 10 ):
   newValue = int( input( "Enter integer %d: " % ( i + 1 ) ) )
   values += [ newValue ]

# create histogram
print ("\nCreating a histogram from values:")
print ("%s %10s %10s" % ( "Element", "Value", "Histogram" ))

for i in range( len( values ) ):
   print ("%7d %10d  %s" % ( i+1, values[ i ], "*" * values[ i ] ))

ClassworkHomework:
Exercise 1: NoDuplicates_YI.py
Use a list to solve the following problem: Read in 20 numbers. As each number is read, print it only if it is not a duplicate of a number already read.
Make it an interactive program:
1. A message should be displayed when the user enters a number that has already entered as input.
2. As a way to validate no repeats it prints back the number.

Sample Output:
Enter a number: 2
2
Enter a number: 4
4
Enter a number: 5
5
Enter a number: 2
2 is a duplicate
Enter a number: 10
10
…

Exercise 2: StudentPoll_YI.py
Write a python program StudentPoll_YI.py that uses a list to summarize data collected in a survey. Consider the following problem statement:

Sixteen students were asked to rate on a scale of 1 to 10 the quality of the food in the student cafeteria, with 1 being “awful” and 10 being “excellent”. Place the 16 responses in a list and determine the frequency of each rating.

Randomly assign 16 numbers between 1 and 10 to a list, survey, and use this list as an index of another list, ranking, to keep track of the count of the responses.
Create a histogram with the ranking data.

A little help…

ranking = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]
survey = [1,5,3,4,1,1,1,2,1,2,1,3,4,5,1,7]

Do not  use "if's" statements. Instead use the following:

       ranking[ survey[ i ]  ] + = 1

Exercise 3: ScoreKeeper_YI.py
You are a score keeper for 20 ice hockey players. Implement the code to keep track of their scores using a list. Program accepts integers as input and it is called ScoreKeeper_YI.py. Simulate a game by entering a good number of scores.

Sample output:

>>> 
... the game is on!!!
what player scored a goal? 3
what player scored a goal? 5
what player scored a goal? 3
what player scored a goal? 3
what player scored a goal? 5
still game on?y/n y
what player scored a goal? 5
what player scored a goal? 5
what player scored a goal? 5
what player scored a goal? 4
what player scored a goal? 6
still game on?y/n y
what player scored a goal? 5
what player scored a goal? 5
what player scored a goal? 7
what player scored a goal? 8
what player scored a goal? 1
still game on?y/n y
what player scored a goal? 5
what player scored a goal? 5
what player scored a goal? 3
what player scored a goal? 2
what player scored a goal? 5
still game on?y/n n

Creating a histogram from players:
Player      Goals  Histogram
      1          1  *
      2          1  *
      3          4  ****
      4          1  *
      5         10  **********
      6          1  *
      7          1  *
      8          1  *
      9          0  
     10          0  
     11          0  
     12          0  
     13          0  

Exercise 4: BingoNumKeeper_YI.py
You are in charge of keeping track of the numbers that are called out in a Bingo game. Using a list implement the code to keep track of the numbers. The numbers will be called until the board is completely filled up. You can think of this simulation as if the balls are replaced back for drawing again. In this program use the random feature to simulate turning the spherical basket with all the balls inside. It is similar to the game of Bingo but not quite. At the end of the program print the number of times a random number was called with a meaningful message. Name your program BingoNumKeeper_YI.py

Classwork:
Open a new file, YI_PythonSyntax.py
Include the output and some comments from the following code:

# don't forget the header and comments

import random

# returning a list
x = 2
y = 3


def returnAList(a,b):
    a += 2
    b += 3
    return [a,b]

# Main
xyList = returnAList(x,y)

print(xyList)
print(xyList[0])
print(xyList[1])

# print either 0 or 1
for i in range(10):
    print(random.randint(0, 1),end = ' ')

# print the first letter
print()

print('yes'.lower().startswith('y'))

# adding items to any list
anyList = []
anyList.append(2)
anyList.append(3)

print(anyList)

sentence = 'it is a wonderful day'
sentence = sentence.split()
print(sentence)

sentence = ' '.join(sentence)
print(sentence)

# random choice
spaces = '1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9'.split()
print(spaces)
print(random.choice(spaces))
print(random.choice(spaces))
print(random.choice(spaces))

# what does this print?
print(None)

Classwork:Tic-Tac-Toe.
Write an algorithm to play Tic-Tac-Toe. (Use pseudocode)
You are allowed to use the following functions from Al Sweigart’s program but your don’t have to:
isWinner(bo, le)
drawBoard(board)
isBoardFull(board)
getPlayerMove(board)
The rest must be implemented with your original and creative algorithm.

NOTE: this is a “what if” type of program. Think of all the moves ahead at each step. You can use as many “if’s” as you want!!
Keeping in mind the different locations in the board:

Visit edmodo.com and answer these questions that could help you put together your algorithm. Remember it is your algorithm!

1. Before you commit to a move, what two things should your program check for?
2. What is the best spot on the board to start or to take the next safe move in the game?
3. What is the next best spot?
4. What is left when all the good spots are gone?
5. How many moves does it take to win, tie or lose a game of Tic Tac Toe? Best case, worse case and in an average case.

Make sure your algorithm addresses all these questions otherwise it would not be a good tool to help you write a smart AI program.

Programming Design:
1. What do you think is the best way to hold information about the space selected? Would you have 9 variables or a list?
2. Would you use while, for loop or both?

Homework:
Write first draft for TTT.py using pseudocode

NOTE: TO MAKE IT MORE INTERESTING AND INVITING TO THE PLAYER, MAKE THE FIRST COMPUTER MOVE RANDOM. However, it should be intelligent once the game is on.

NOTE: IF YOU TURNED IN THE MAIL ORDER ASSIGNMENT AND DIDN’T GET A GRADE, LOOK FOR MY COMMENT ON THAT POST.

Classwork:
Complete missing assignments before you move on
Learning
Variable Scope
Global Scope and Local Scope
Parameters
Where the Program Really Begins: MAIN

Start reading the next chapter:

Download the program and play with it. Pay special attention to details

Hangman Game

def getGuess(alreadyGuessed):
    # Returns the letter the player entered. This function makes sure the player entered a single letter, and not something else.
    while True:
        print('Guess a letter.')
        guess = input()
        guess = guess.lower()
        if len(guess) != 1:
            print('Please enter a single letter.')
        elif guess in alreadyGuessed:
            print('You have already guessed that letter. Choose again.')
        elif guess not in 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz':
            print('Please enter a LETTER.')
        else:
            return guess

missedLetters = ''
correctLetters = ''
secretWord = getRandomWord(words)
gameIsDone = False

while True:
    displayBoard(HANGMANPICS, missedLetters, correctLetters, secretWord)

    # Let the player type in a letter.
    guess = getGuess(missedLetters + correctLetters)

    if guess in secretWord:
        correctLetters = correctLetters + guess

        # Check if the player has won
        foundAllLetters = True
        for i in range(len(secretWord)):
            if secretWord[i] not in correctLetters:
                foundAllLetters = False
                break
        if foundAllLetters:
            print('Yes! The secret word is "' + secretWord + '"! You have won!')
            gameIsDone = True
    else:
        missedLetters = missedLetters + guess

        # Check if player has guessed too many times and lost
        if len(missedLetters) == len(HANGMANPICS) - 1:
            displayBoard(HANGMANPICS, missedLetters, correctLetters, secretWord)
            print('You have run out of guesses!\nAfter ' + str(len(missedLetters)) + ' missed guesses and ' + str(len(correctLetters)) + ' correct guesses, the word was "' + secretWord + '"')
            gameIsDone = True

    # Ask the player if they want to play again (but only if the game is done).
    if gameIsDone:
        if playAgain():
            missedLetters = ''
            correctLetters = ''
            gameIsDone = False
            secretWord = getRandomWord(words)
        else:
            break

Deleting an item in a list:

>>> aList = ['one', 'two','three', 'four','five','six', 'seven']
>>> del aList[3]
>>> aList
['one', 'two', 'three', 'five', 'six', 'seven'] # 'four' is missing
>>> 
or 
>>> aList.remove('two')
>>> aList
['one', 'three', 'five', 'six', 'seven']  # 'two' is missing
>>> 

List of lists:

>>> twoLists = [['biology','chemistry','physics','horticulture', 'english','math','physed','spanish'],['period 1','period 2','period 3', 'period 4','period 5','period 6','period 7', 'period 8']]
>>> twoLists[0][0]
'biology'
>>> twoLists[1][0]
'period 1'
>>> 

Changing the text to lower case or upper case.

>>> aString1 = 'Hello, World'
>>> aString2 = aString1.lower()
>>> aString2
'hello, world'
>>> aString3 = aString1.upper()
>>> aString3
'HELLO, WORLD'
>>> 

Classwork:
Write a program, WordList.py with the following:
1. Create a list with 10 items and show how to delete a given item in the list.
2. Use the same list to delete the third item in the list.
3. Create a new list with two elements. Each element is also a list with nine elements.
4. Use two for loops to display the elements of this list.
Each element of this list should be displayed in a row of its own.

   biology chemistry physics horticulture english math physed spanish 
   period 1 period 2 period 3 period 4 period 5 period 6 period 7 period 8 
   

5. Use two for loops to display the elements in the list side by side:

biology      period 1
chemistry    period 2
physics      period 3
horticulture period 4
english      period 5
mathematica  period 6
physed       period 7
spanish      period 8

Here is code for string format

>>> print("%15s %14s" % ("hello","goodbye"))
          hello        goodbye

Clue for twoLists second part:

for i in range(len(twoLists[0])):
    for j in range(len(twoLists)):
        print( '\t',twoLists[?][?],' ',end='')
    print()

6. Print a sentence in lower case and then in upper case.

Classwork:

In the program hangman.py we learned how to slice a string and indexing in the previous assignments, pig latin and swapping letters.

The Connect 4 program can be written using strings.
Here is a little help:

# Using strings:
connect_board = '''|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|'''

# what do the indices look like?

# |  1  |  3  |  5  |  7  |  9  | 11  | 
# | 15  | 17  | 19  | 21  | 23  | 25  | 
# | 29  | 31  | 33  | 35  | 37  | 39  | 
# | 43  | 45  | 47  | 49  | 51  | 53  | 
# | 57  | 59  | 61  | 63  | 65  | 67  | 
# |  1  |  2  |  3  |  4  |  5  |  6  | 
In the last row you have the column numbers.


print('Empty board: ')
print(connect_board)
print( ' 1 2 3 4 5 6 ')
print('\nThe length of the string is ',len(connect_board))


print('')
yesNo = 'y'
while yesNo == 'y':
    column = int(input("Enter the column number "))
    offset = 1
    if column == 2:
        offset = 3
    elif column == 3:
        offset = 5
    elif column == 4:
        offset = 7
    elif column == 5:
        offset = 9
    elif column == 6:
        offset = 11
    empty = True
    position = offset + (14 * 4)
    while empty:
        if connect_board[position] == '_':
            connect_board = connect_board[:position] + 'A' + connect_board[position + 1:]
            print(connect_board)
            print( ' 1 2 3 4 5 6 ')
            empty = False
        else:
            position -= 14

    yesNo = input('More? ')

A test run could look like this:

Empty board: 
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
 1 2 3 4 5 6 


Enter the column number 1
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|A|_|_|_|_|_|
 1 2 3 4 5 6 
More? y
Enter the column number 1
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|A|_|_|_|_|_|
|A|_|_|_|_|_|
 1 2 3 4 5 6 
More? y
Enter the column number 4
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|A|_|_|_|_|_|
|A|_|_|A|_|_|
 1 2 3 4 5 6 
More? y
Enter the column number 6
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|A|_|_|_|_|_|
|A|_|_|A|_|A|
 1 2 3 4 5 6 
More? y
Enter the column number 5
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|A|_|_|_|_|_|
|A|_|_|A|A|A|
 1 2 3 4 5 6 
More? y
Enter the column number 2
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|A|_|_|_|_|_|
|A|A|_|A|A|A|
 1 2 3 4 5 6 
More? y
Enter the column number 1
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|A|_|_|_|_|_|
|A|_|_|_|_|_|
|A|A|_|A|A|A|
 1 2 3 4 5 6 
More? y
Enter the column number 3
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|_|
|A|_|_|_|_|_|
|A|_|_|_|_|_|
|A|A|A|A|A|A|
 1 2 3 4 5 6 
More? 

Homework:
Write the pseudocode for the “Connect 4” program. Check edmodo.com for a little help on the pseudocode.

Python Variable scopes

Fix the problem:

#####################################################################
#  YI_MoreOnScopes3.py
#  Mrs. Elia
#  12/18/14
#  variables outside a definition and in other definitions
#
#####################################################################
#  Definitions
#
#####################################################################

def increase():
    num += 150

def decrease():
    num -= 50

## main
num = 100
print(num)
increase()
print(num)
decrease()
print(num)


## desired output:
## 100
## 250
## 200

Hint:

num = 100
print(num)
...increase(...)
print(num)
...decrease(...)
print(num)

Fix this problem

#####################################################################
#  YI_MoreOnScopes4.py
#  Mrs. Elia
#  12/18/14
#  variables outside a definition and in other definitions
#
#####################################################################
#  Definitions
#
#####################################################################

def two_terms():
    term1 = seed1 + seed2
    term2 = seed2 + term1
    return term1
    return term2


## main

seed1 = 3
seed2 = 5
two_terms()
print(...)

## desired output:
## 8 13

Hint:

## main

seed1 = 3
seed2 = 5
...two_terms(...,...)
print(...,...)

The output should be:
8 13

Battleship

The next assignment is to write a python program YI_battleship1.py using the concepts and algorithms learned in Tic-Tac-Toe. In this version of the program you will only limit the board to be 3 x 3 and only 2 ships: one ship has 3 contiguous places and the other ship has 2 contiguous places. The ships could be placed horizontally or vertically. The purpose of this 1st version of the game is for the computer to guess the player’s ships positions. Your program’s algorithm will allow the player to enter the locations for the 2 ships( 2 and 3 places in length).

Classwork:
With a partner, play on paper our version of battleship but for two players.
1. Make sure you follow the rules of the game.
2. Play the game several times with the ships in different locations.
3. Pay attention to the strategy you use to find the ships and to sink them.
4. Categorize the strategies by the specific locations of the ships. (edmodo.com)
5. Write a short paragraph describing the strategy you use. Make sure your description is categorized by the different locations of the ships.(edmodo.com)

NOTE: You can use random to find a ship but once you have a hit, you should not select the next location using random. Develop an intelligent algorithm.

Homework:
Submit your answers to the following posts (edmodo.com)
1. What python feature would you use to hold the information about the ships locations? (e.g. lists, a list of lists, a dictionary, variables or something else)
2. Describe how you would access that information based on your choice in the previous question.
3. Given that a 3-place ship is located at the upper left corner of the board, write the pseudocode to sink it.